. Ontario Sessional Papers, 1907, the peculiarities andthe vulnerable points in the life cycle of the pest to be treated. Besidesthis, a well informed orchardist must be somewhat familiar with the chem-istry of insecticides and fungicides. A knowledge of insects is important because many of them necessitatepeculiar methods of treatment. Insects that work beneath the soil, or thosethat work within the wood require remedial measures different to thoseadopfed for surface working insects. Other cases also requiring specialattention might be mentioned. As a general thing, however, remedia
. Ontario Sessional Papers, 1907, the peculiarities andthe vulnerable points in the life cycle of the pest to be treated. Besidesthis, a well informed orchardist must be somewhat familiar with the chem-istry of insecticides and fungicides. A knowledge of insects is important because many of them necessitatepeculiar methods of treatment. Insects that work beneath the soil, or thosethat work within the wood require remedial measures different to thoseadopfed for surface working insects. Other cases also requiring specialattention might be mentioned. As a general thing, however, remedialmeasures are determined by classifying insects into two groups, viz., suck-ing and biting. For sucking insects, some substance is used which willkill by contact, either as a caustic or by closing the breathing pores andsmothering. Biting insects are treated by direct poisons, which may beapplied to the plant, and which will be swallowed by the insect. For bothclasses, certain obnoxious substances used as repellant are sometimes Fig. 5. Trees sprayed with lime for winter protection, 0. A. C, Guelph. The vulnerable spot in the life history of fungi is usually found in thespore. These are produced at different times by the various species offungi and are disseminated in many ways, and some species are quite difBi-cult to combat. For these reasons, the treatment must be largely preven-tive, not curative. The work of applying the fungicide must be donethoroughly and at a proper time. Every portion of the leaf and branchmust be covered with the spray. The number of applications depends uponatmospheric conditions. Dry weather is unfavorable to the growth of mostfungi, moisture affording more congenial conditions. To spray effectively, proper apparatus must be used, and to sprayeconomically the best of apparatus is none too good. Apparatus should beselected that is thoroughly adapted to the work, simple and strong in con-struction, and easy to operate. The fittings with wh
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