. On the anatomy of vertebrates [electronic resource] . fication,from which shoot out bony rays affording ad-ditional strength to many of the intermuscularaponeuroses. In this system of bones maybe ranked those spines which are attached to,or near to, the heads of the ribs, and extendupward, outward, and backward, between thedorsal and lateral masses of muscles, fig. 32, i p,fig. 21, pi, a. These e scleral spines aretermed, according to the vertebral elementthey may adhere to, e epineurals, i epicen-trals, and 6 epipleurals; though each mayshift its place, rising or falling gradually alongthe
. On the anatomy of vertebrates [electronic resource] . fication,from which shoot out bony rays affording ad-ditional strength to many of the intermuscularaponeuroses. In this system of bones maybe ranked those spines which are attached to,or near to, the heads of the ribs, and extendupward, outward, and backward, between thedorsal and lateral masses of muscles, fig. 32, i p,fig. 21, pi, a. These e scleral spines aretermed, according to the vertebral elementthey may adhere to, e epineurals, i epicen-trals, and 6 epipleurals; though each mayshift its place, rising or falling gradually alongthe series of vertebrae. All three kinds arepresent in the herring, fig. 37, in which n ais the i epineural, p a the i epicentral, pi a the epipleural latter have been called c upper ribs, and in Polypterus arestronger than the (f under) ribs themselves. In Esox andThymallus the epineural and epicentral spines are present: inCyprinus the epineural and epipleural ones: in Perca and Gadusthe middle series only is found, passing gradually from the. Abdominal vertebra,Herring (Clwpea) 1 Osteol. Collection, Mus. Coll. Chir. No. 357, p. 81. 2 lb. No. 357. 3 lb. No. 247. xliv. i, p. 62. 44 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. par- to the pleur-apophyses: in Salmo only the upper seriesexists, developed from the second to the antepenultimate abdo-minal neurapophysis, in S. There are, however, gristlyrepresentatives of epipleurals. In Gtyphysodon the epipleuralsare anchylosed to the ribs, foreshowing their normal conditionin the birds thorax. According to the seat of their develope-ment they belong to the 6 scleroskeleton: by their attachmentsto bone they are i vertebral appendages. The vertical folds of skin from the middle line, constitutingthe azygos fins, are the seat of ossifications in most fishes, develop-ing a second row of spines, figs. 34, 38, dn, dn, above the neural,n, and a corresponding row, dh, dh, below the haemal, h, of these dermal bones, in certain fishes
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