Medieval and modern times; an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . rmany his chief enemies were the Saxons and his discon-tented vassals. In Italy the pope was now actively engagedas a temporal ruler, in building up a little state of his own, andhe was always ready to encourage the Lombard cities in theiropposition to the German emperors. All his life long Henry was turning from one enemy toanother. Finally, his discontented German vassals induced his 1 For Gregorys own account of the affair at Canossa, see Readings, chap.
Medieval and modern times; an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . rmany his chief enemies were the Saxons and his discon-tented vassals. In Italy the pope was now actively engagedas a temporal ruler, in building up a little state of his own, andhe was always ready to encourage the Lombard cities in theiropposition to the German emperors. All his life long Henry was turning from one enemy toanother. Finally, his discontented German vassals induced his 1 For Gregorys own account of the affair at Canossa, see Readings, chap. xiii. Popes and Emperors 157 son, whom he had had crowned as his successor, to revoltagainst his father. Thereupon followed more civil war, moretreason, and a miserable abdication. In 1106 death put an endto perhaps the saddest reign that history records. The achievement of the reign of Henry IVs son, Henry V,which chiefly interests us was the adjustment of the question ofinvestitures. Pope Paschal II, while willing to recognize thosebishops already chosen by the king, provided they were good Death ofHenry IV,1106 Henry V,1106-1125. Fig. 43. Medieval Pictures of Gregory VII These pictures are taken from an illustrated manuscript written somedecades after Gregorys death. In the one on the left Gregory is rep-resented blowing out a candle and saying to his cardinals, As I blow outthis light, so will Henry IV be extinguished. In the one on the rightis shown the death of Gregory (1085). He did not wear his crown in bed,but the artist wanted us to be sure to recognize that he was pope men, proposed that thereafter Gregorys decrees against inves-titure by laymen should be carried out. The clergy should nolonger do homage by laying their hands, consecrated to theservice of the altar, in the bloodstained hands of the V, on the other hand, declared that unless the clergytook the oath of fealty the bishops would not be given the lands,towns, castles, tolls, and privileges a
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