. Acadian geology [microform] : the geological structure, organic remains and mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Geology; Paleontology; Geology; Geology; Geologie; Paléontologie; Géologie; Géologie. 179 CHAPTER XII. THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM-Continued. CUMBEKLAND COAL-FIELD, Continued—EXPI,ANATIO\ OF JOOGINS SECTION ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE COAL MEASURES. Explanatory Remarks on the Joggins Section. In the section in the preceding chapter the reader will observe words " Undcrclay, Stigmaria," frequently recurring; and over nearly every undcrclay
. Acadian geology [microform] : the geological structure, organic remains and mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Geology; Paleontology; Geology; Geology; Geologie; Paléontologie; Géologie; Géologie. 179 CHAPTER XII. THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM-Continued. CUMBEKLAND COAL-FIELD, Continued—EXPI,ANATIO\ OF JOOGINS SECTION ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE COAL MEASURES. Explanatory Remarks on the Joggins Section. In the section in the preceding chapter the reader will observe words " Undcrclay, Stigmaria," frequently recurring; and over nearly every undcrclay is a seam of coal. An underclay is technically the bed of clay which underlies a coal-seom; but it has now become a general term for a fossil soil, or a bed which once formed a terrestrial surfiice, and supnortcd trees and other plants ; because we generally find these coal underclays, like the subsoils of many modern peat bogs, to contain roots and trunks of trees which aided in the accumulation of the vegetable matter of the coal. The underclays in question are accordingly penetrated by innumerable long rootlets, now in a coaly state, but retaining enough of their form to enable us to recognise them as belonging to a peculiar root, the Stigmaria, of very fre- quent occurrence in the coal measures, and at one time supposed to have been a swamp plant of anomalous form, but now known to have belonged to an equally singular tree, the Sigillaria, found in the same deposits (Fig. 30). The Stigmaria has derived its name from the regularly arranged pits or spots left by its rootlets, which proceeded from it on all sides. The Sigillaria has been named from the rows of leaf-scars which extend up its trunk, which in some species is curiously ribbed or fluted. One of the most remarkable peculiarities of the stigmaria-rooted trees was the very regular arrangement of their roots, which are four at their departure from the trunk, and divide at equal distances successively into eight,
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