A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . coveries inmechanics and Watt (1736-1819),a Scotchman, made radi-cal improvements in thesteam engine, and Eich-ard Arkwright (1732-1792) invented the spin-ning jenny. In QueenAnnes reign. Pope (1688-1744), with his smooth versificationand bright wit, is the principal figure among the poets, whileAddison (1672-1719) and Steele (1676-1719) were the most,distinguished essayists. Richardson (1689-1761) and Field-ing (1707-1757) were among the earliest of English novel-ists, while Defoe (1661-1731) and Swift (1667-1
A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . coveries inmechanics and Watt (1736-1819),a Scotchman, made radi-cal improvements in thesteam engine, and Eich-ard Arkwright (1732-1792) invented the spin-ning jenny. In QueenAnnes reign. Pope (1688-1744), with his smooth versificationand bright wit, is the principal figure among the poets, whileAddison (1672-1719) and Steele (1676-1719) were the most,distinguished essayists. Richardson (1689-1761) and Field-ing (1707-1757) were among the earliest of English novel-ists, while Defoe (1661-1731) and Swift (1667-1774) were theauthors of many powerful prose writings, one of the worksof the former being Rohhison Crusoe. Goldsmith (1728-1774)wrote poetry which charms from its very simplicity. Gray(1716-1771) is celebrated as the author of the Elegy in aCountry Churchyard. Three great historians of the centuryare Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon. Gibbons Decline and Fallof the Roman Empire is a monument of masterly ability andvast research. In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scotchman, published. Netvton AMERICA 463 The Wealth of Nations, the first complete system of politicaleconomy. America The most notable American writers before the War of Independencewere Jonathan Edwards(1703-1758), a great met-aphysical genins, and thefounder of a school oftheology; and BenjaminFranklin (1706-1790), / whose writings, in ex-cellent English, relatedmainly to ethical and /^ economical topics. As theRevolution approached,there sprang up authorsof ability on the politi-cal questions of the Federalist, writtenafter the war, by Hamil-ton, Madison, and Jay, in favor of the proposed Constitution, is a work of high merit,as regards both matter and style.
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