. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. OLIGOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 183 that the Middle Eocene sirenians of Europe are more speciahzed than the Upper Eocene sirenians of Africa might be cited as evidence that the sire- nian center of diffusion was hkewise to the northward. Geographic changes in Europe. — The early earth movements of the Oligocene caused an invasion of the sea in the north of France, and in Ger- many as far south as Leipzig. This vast northern ocean of Tongrian and Stampian age is believed to have made the
. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. OLIGOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 183 that the Middle Eocene sirenians of Europe are more speciahzed than the Upper Eocene sirenians of Africa might be cited as evidence that the sire- nian center of diffusion was hkewise to the northward. Geographic changes in Europe. — The early earth movements of the Oligocene caused an invasion of the sea in the north of France, and in Ger- many as far south as Leipzig. This vast northern ocean of Tongrian and Stampian age is believed to have made the northern climate of Europe more. Fig. 77. —? Oligocene. A period of continental elevation and reunion followed by the reestablishmcnt of oomiections between the life of the New and Old Worlds. Central Europe submerged or partly archipelagic. African mammals and birds partly similar to those of Europe. Madagascar united with Africa. South America entirely separated, its mammals developing independently. Australia entirely separated. Closing the Oligocene, another long interval of separation between North America and Europe. Rearranged after W. D. Matthew, 1908. temperate. The lignitic flora of south central Germany now includes sequoias, birches (Betula), and palms {Palmacites)} Southern Europe through the rise of the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps was elevated, and conditions were favorable for continental depositions rich in mammalian life both in southern France and in the south of Germany, as shown in Fig. 79. In the Aquitanian, or Upper Oligocene stage almost all of Europe had again emerged from the sea; great shallow lakes were scattered over France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Greece. In southwestern France or Aquitania, from which the stage derives its name, there is a renewed advance of the sea over the land. The freshwater lakes are varied by > De Lapparent, A., Traite de Gcologie, 1906, pp. Please note that these images are extracted from sca
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