. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. LUCIOCEPHALIDAE ANABANTIDAE HELOSTOMATIDAE OSPHRONEMIDAE BELONTIIDAE 8. Figure 56. Interrelationships of the Anabantoidei based on the following specialized features: 1, the suprabranchial air chamber is clearly separated from the buccopharyngeal cavity and respiratory air is confined to the suprabranchial cavity; 2, principal organ for aerial respiration is supported by an enlarged and modified first epibranchial bone; 3, swimbladder extends posteriorly into the tail as far as the parhypural (Liem, 1967a); 4, a disti
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. LUCIOCEPHALIDAE ANABANTIDAE HELOSTOMATIDAE OSPHRONEMIDAE BELONTIIDAE 8. Figure 56. Interrelationships of the Anabantoidei based on the following specialized features: 1, the suprabranchial air chamber is clearly separated from the buccopharyngeal cavity and respiratory air is confined to the suprabranchial cavity; 2, principal organ for aerial respiration is supported by an enlarged and modified first epibranchial bone; 3, swimbladder extends posteriorly into the tail as far as the parhypural (Liem, 1967a); 4, a distinct foramen exoccipitale, covered by a tympanumlike membrane is present in the exoccipital bone; 5, basioccipital with distinct pharyngeal processes (see Liem, 1963, Figs. 14-26, and 40-50); 6, parasphenoid with very distinct transverse processes (Liem, 1963, Figs. 40-42, 44); 7, parasphenoid with prominent, median ventrally directed pharyngeal process (Liem, 1963, Figs. 17, 19-93); 8, loss of the ectopterygoid; 9, median gular element present (Liem, 1967a); 10, highly specialized premaxillae, lower jaw, and jaw protrusion mechanism (Lauder and Liem, 1981); 11, dorsal and anal spines lost; 12, no pharyngeal opening between the suprabranchial and buccopharyngeal cavities, and a specialized second adductor branchialis muscle running in the posterior margin of the floor of the suprabranchial cavity; 13, fifth ceratobranchials are connected to each other to form a lower pharyngeal jaw, which bites against the toothed transverse process of the parasphenoid with the actions of the levatores posterior and extern! muscles (Liem and Greenwood, 1981); 14, the dentary rotates freely in the vertical plane around the articular; 15, dentary and premaxillae are toothless; 16, basibranchial with median, prominent, vertical, shelflike processes; 17, a well-developed rostral fossa extending posteriorly nearly reaching the level of the posterior border of the orbit, formed by the ethmoid and fron
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