A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . of sewer in feet. Make thickness of invert sameas crown plus one inch except never less than 5 inches. Make thick-ness at haunches two and a half times thickness of crown, but never lessthan 6 inches. This rule is expressed in the following table: Thickness oj Conduits. Diameter of Conduit. Thickness of Crown,inches. Thickness of Haunch,inches. Thickness of Invert,inches. 26 12 4 7 13 6 18Z3 5 8 14 If ground is .soft or trench is unusually deep, these thicknesses mu
A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . of sewer in feet. Make thickness of invert sameas crown plus one inch except never less than 5 inches. Make thick-ness at haunches two and a half times thickness of crown, but never lessthan 6 inches. This rule is expressed in the following table: Thickness oj Conduits. Diameter of Conduit. Thickness of Crown,inches. Thickness of Haunch,inches. Thickness of Invert,inches. 26 12 4 7 13 6 18Z3 5 8 14 If ground is .soft or trench is unusually deep, these thicknesses must beincreased according to experienced judgment. If reinforcement is used, the thickness for conduits of ordinary sizes isusually determined by the minimum thickness of concrete which can belaid so as to properly imbed the metal. This minimum for the large diam-eters where steel is ad\isable may be taken as 6 inches. Methods of Conduit Construction. There are four general methodsof construction of concrete conduits: (i) The lower portion of the invert islaid by template and the remainder of the circle by centering. (2) The. o 3U l§ TILE QRAIN6 TILE DRAINJfct! • * n • ?****?|« 3FT:6 -^ 3Fr:8 >• Fig. 223.— Creek Culvert at Kalamazoo, Mich. {) invert is formed by an inverted center, and the arch by an upright center.(3) A center the size of the entire sewer, but with a removable bottom, isplaced, the sides and arch are built, and then the bottom of the center isremoved, and the invert is laid. (4) The entire sewer is formed as amonolith. The size of the sewer and the character of the work influencesthe choice of method. 686 A TREATISE ON CONCRETE If the invert is to have a brick Hning or a granolithic finish, after exca-vating the material to the required grade and shape, profiles or templetsare placed in advance of the finished concrete, and the surface is formedwith the aid of a straight-edge placed longitudinally from the finishedconcrete to the nearest t
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