. American forestry. Forests and forestry. 498 AMERICAN FORESTRY. SPRUCU ruUEST IN THE JURA. on the stump it is called a moderne and is 40 years old and about 8 inches in diameter. At the sixtieth year a third crop of sprouts is taken and the moderne becomes an ancien and bears seed abundantly. The ancicns start a thick growth of seedlings all over the forest floor and after two more crops of sprouts the original stumps die but the seedlings have grown to 40-year trees, which are forthwith cut to stump and the ancicns harvested, putting the for- est in shape for coppice again. Horse chestnut c
. American forestry. Forests and forestry. 498 AMERICAN FORESTRY. SPRUCU ruUEST IN THE JURA. on the stump it is called a moderne and is 40 years old and about 8 inches in diameter. At the sixtieth year a third crop of sprouts is taken and the moderne becomes an ancien and bears seed abundantly. The ancicns start a thick growth of seedlings all over the forest floor and after two more crops of sprouts the original stumps die but the seedlings have grown to 40-year trees, which are forthwith cut to stump and the ancicns harvested, putting the for- est in shape for coppice again. Horse chestnut coppice is usually managed in "simple coppice" with poplar balivage, that is, the whole crop of sprouts is taken every twenty years and the pop- lars held for shade. The yield in poles, tan bark and lattice stock from coppice management is tremendous and the returns are quick, so that in Central France, where there is a ready market for cordwood, turn- ing wood, tool handles and tan bark, coppice management is very extensive. It requires a rich clay soil as the roots feed excessively. If many of the stumps are allowed to produce modernes and ancicns the sprout crop will suffer from shade, but more heavy timber will be yielded so that in the judgment of the forester almost any yield desired for any particular market can be man- aged. In our own country native chest- nut is the principal coppice crop, and telegraph poles, ties, and lumber for interior trim offers the best market, three or more shoots are allowed to grow to 10 and 12 inch poles per stump, yielding at the same lime seed for re- generation. REFORESTING MOUNTAIN SLOPES The necessity for the hundreds of millions of francs that France has been forced to spend on this w-ork had its beginnings in the orgy of unrestricted cvttting which took place during the French Revolution and the Directory. Under the Bourbons the laws governing cuttings in private forests were severe and drastic, unnecessarily so, perhaps, so
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