. The Catholic encyclopedia; an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church . entification, proposed by severalmodern wTiters, of the old doctors birettum mththe square college cap, popularly known as themortar-board, of the modern English college capand ecclesiasti-cal biretta haveprobably devel-oped from thesame original,but along dif-ferent at thepresent dayb i r e t f as inshape. Thoseworn by theFrench, Ger-man, and Span-ish clergy as arule have fourpeaks instead ofthree; whileRo
. The Catholic encyclopedia; an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church . entification, proposed by severalmodern wTiters, of the old doctors birettum mththe square college cap, popularly known as themortar-board, of the modern English college capand ecclesiasti-cal biretta haveprobably devel-oped from thesame original,but along dif-ferent at thepresent dayb i r e t f as inshape. Thoseworn by theFrench, Ger-man, and Span-ish clergy as arule have fourpeaks instead ofthree; whileRoman customprescribes thata cardinals bi-retta shouldhave no regards us-age in wearing the biretta, the reader must bereferred for details to some of the works mentionedin the bibliography. It may be said in general thatthe biretta is worn in processions and when seated, asalso when the priest is performing any act of jurisdic-tion, e. g. reconciling a convert. It was formerlythe rule that a priest should always wear it in giv-ing ab-solution in confession, and it is probable thatthe ancient usage wliich requires an EngUsh judgu. BIEGIDA 578 BIRMINGHAM to assume the black cap in pronouncing sentenceof death is identical in origin. Barbier de Montault. Le costume et les usages ecclesias-Unues (Paris, 1901), I, 227-236; Bock, Liturgische Geu-ander(Munich, 1866). II, 342 sqq.; de Vert, Explication des cere-monies (Paris. 1710). II. 273-277; Gerarchia Eccle-siastica (Rome, 1720), plates 17, 18. 19; Stahl in , s. V. Biret; Clark in Archaoloaical Journal (London. 1S93and 1904), L, 147 sqq. and LXI, 32 sqq.; Robinson. ThePileus Quadratus in Transactions of St. Pauls EcchsiologicalSociety (London. 1905), V. 1-16. The most thorough accountis to be found in Bratx Die Liturgische Gewandung (Freiburg,1907), 321, 510, .514. Herbert Thurston. Birgida, Birgrit, Birgitta. See Bridget, S-\int. Birinus (Berix), S.\ixt, Confessor, first Bishop ofDorchester (in wli
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