. Cooperative economic insect report. Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 161 - INSECTS NOT KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE UNITED STATES COMMON CRANE FLY (Tipula oleracea L.) Economic Importance: The larvae of this tipulid attack many agricultural crops. Cereals and crucifers have been heavily damaged in many areas of Europe. The pest is especially serious in southern Europe and in years of severe outbreaks in Italy, it may destroy entire seedbeds of rice, necessitating resowing. In Scotland, as much as two-thirds of the cereal crops may be lost. Estimates in Germany show that a larval population of 42,p
. Cooperative economic insect report. Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 161 - INSECTS NOT KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE UNITED STATES COMMON CRANE FLY (Tipula oleracea L.) Economic Importance: The larvae of this tipulid attack many agricultural crops. Cereals and crucifers have been heavily damaged in many areas of Europe. The pest is especially serious in southern Europe and in years of severe outbreaks in Italy, it may destroy entire seedbeds of rice, necessitating resowing. In Scotland, as much as two-thirds of the cereal crops may be lost. Estimates in Germany show that a larval population of 42,per square yard will cause serious injury to crops in arable land, but in grass- land, twice that number can be supported. During years of mass increase, several times as many are usually present. Tipula oleracea, which is predominantly a southern European species, is one of several economically important crane flies occurring in Europe. Larvae of a European Tipula have been taken several times near St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada. Larvae of Tipula sp. have also been intercepted in soil or on Damage to Small Grain plant roots at U. S. ports of entry by Tipula Larvae on Distribution: Occurs generally throughout southern and central Europe, including the British Isles and the Mediterranean region. There have been several records of the species occurring in North Africa. Hosts: Larvae attack crucifers, cereals and other grasses, legumes, potatoes, beets, strawb erri"es , raspberries and various ornamentals. Life History and Habits: Generally the adults can be found from July to late September and the larvae from the second half of August to mid-July of the following year. There are two generations a year where climate permits. Under these conditions, there is a brood of adults in May-June and another in August-September. Females normally lay about 750 eggs, but may lay up to 1,300 eggs under favorable conditions. The oviposition period lasts for approximately 10-20
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