. The Cattle grubs or ox warbles, their biologies and suggestions for control. Warble flies; Cattle; Insect pests. DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1369. Washington, April, 1926 THE CATTLE GRUBS OR OX WARBLES, THEIR BIOLOGIES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROL By F. C. Bishopp, Entomologist, E. W. Laake, Associate Entomologist, and H. M. Brundrett, Assistant Entomologist, and R. W. Wells,1 Entomologist, Investigations of Insects Affecting the Health of Animals, Bureau of Ento- mology CONTENTS Page Bistory 2 Life history in brief 6 Distribution — 6 Economic importance 11 Injury to man 17 Common names and
. The Cattle grubs or ox warbles, their biologies and suggestions for control. Warble flies; Cattle; Insect pests. DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1369. Washington, April, 1926 THE CATTLE GRUBS OR OX WARBLES, THEIR BIOLOGIES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROL By F. C. Bishopp, Entomologist, E. W. Laake, Associate Entomologist, and H. M. Brundrett, Assistant Entomologist, and R. W. Wells,1 Entomologist, Investigations of Insects Affecting the Health of Animals, Bureau of Ento- mology CONTENTS Page Bistory 2 Life history in brief 6 Distribution — 6 Economic importance 11 Injury to man 17 Common names and popular ideas 19 Hosts 20 Actions of cattle when attacked by adult Hypoderma 24 Description of stages 20 How the larvae of Hypoderma Une- utiim gain entrance to the host 33 Page Development and habits 41 Seasonal history 74 Natural control 79 Artificial control 85 Possibilities of eradication by sys- tematic destruction of grubs 108 Legislation on grub control 110 Summary 110 Literature cited 114 The cattle grubs (Hypoderma lineatum De Villers and H. bovis De Geer 2) are among the most widespread and injurious insects with which our livestock are beset. Nearly every owner of cattle is familiar with these larvse, which are found under the skin on the backs of cattle in the early spring. Few, however, connect them with the adult insects which are known as heel flies or warble flies. Still fewer people have ever seen a heel fly, and many stockmen say, " I have heard all of my life of the heel fly and have seen the cattle run from it but I have never seen ; This has led many to regard the fly with something akin to superstition or to consider its exist- ence a myth. Among scientific workers there is also a very meager knowledge of the true life history or importance of these insects. Although a considerable number of veterinarians, zoologists, and entomologists have made observations and published articles, much of this work has been of a fragmentary character and m
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