. Handbook of railroad construction; for the use of American engineers. Containing the necessary rules, tables, and formulæ for the location, construction, equipment, and management of railroads, as built in the United States .. . 260 HANDBOOK OF RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION. Fig. 277. The wei^rht of the different earths and stones are shown in the following table. Name of material. Brick, common Brick, stock Brickwork, (average,) Chalk, Granite, Marble, Mortar, (hair,) dry Puzzolano, Slate, Stone, (average,) Clay, (common,) Clay and gravel. Earth, common. Gravel, Quick-lirae, Quartz sand. Comm
. Handbook of railroad construction; for the use of American engineers. Containing the necessary rules, tables, and formulæ for the location, construction, equipment, and management of railroads, as built in the United States .. . 260 HANDBOOK OF RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION. Fig. 277. The wei^rht of the different earths and stones are shown in the following table. Name of material. Brick, common Brick, stock Brickwork, (average,) Chalk, Granite, Marble, Mortar, (hair,) dry Puzzolano, Slate, Stone, (average,) Clay, (common,) Clay and gravel. Earth, common. Gravel, Quick-lirae, Quartz sand. Common sand. Shingle, Earth, loose Stone work, (hewn,) in wall, Stone work, (unhewn,) in wall, Weight per cubic foot. 97 to 125115 to 135 90 to 95144 to 166164 to 187111 to 117 80 to 86160 to 178157 to 180140 to 150110 to 125150 to 170 95 to 126100 to 110 50 to 55170 to 175 88 to 93 88 to 92 90 to 95160 to 175125 to 140 CHAPTER XII. FOUNDATIONS. 278. Foundations may be divided into four classes. Those on firm dry land. Those on unfirm dry land. Those on solid bottom, under water. Those on unfirm bottom, under water. Foundations upon firm dry land require only to be placedat a sufficient depth to be out of the way of frost; varyingfrom one foot in the Southern, to two and thre
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