. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ries of Europe possess several large manuscriptvolumes written on vellum, as remarkable for their illuminations (Fig. 185)as for the beauty of their calligraphy ; they are termed the Evangeliarium,the Lectionarium, and the Liber Benedictionis, and were frequently boundwith great magnificence. They belonged to different churches and dioceseswhich, while generally following the rules of the dogmatic liturgy establishedby the councils, used several modifications of their own invention. Some ofthese modification
. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ries of Europe possess several large manuscriptvolumes written on vellum, as remarkable for their illuminations (Fig. 185)as for the beauty of their calligraphy ; they are termed the Evangeliarium,the Lectionarium, and the Liber Benedictionis, and were frequently boundwith great magnificence. They belonged to different churches and dioceseswhich, while generally following the rules of the dogmatic liturgy establishedby the councils, used several modifications of their own invention. Some ofthese modifications were important ones, and were due either to local feelingand the peculiarities of the congregation, or arose during the anniversaries,the commemorative festivals of the diocesan ritual. The use of the Evange-liarium dates from St. Jerome. Before him each of the four Gospels formeda separate book, and the four were of different liturgical Jerome collected them, arranged them in their proper order, and addedmarginal notes of the daily offices. LITURGY AND A hierarchical order with defined powers and privileges existed from thedate of the first establishment of Christianity. In his sixth epistle to theMagnesians, St. Ignatius, who had been a disciple of St. Peter, says, I LITURGY AND CEREMONIES. exhort you to behave, in all things, with that spirit of concord which comesfrom God ; and to look upon the bishop as the representative of God himselfin your midst, upon the priests as forming the august senate of the apostles,and upon the deacons as those to whom is intrusted the ministry of JesusChrist. The faithful bowed the head to none but the bishop, to ask hisblessing ; and in the church the bishop occupied a seat raised above that ofthe priests. The bishops wore a tunic and pallium, or long mantle, achasuble or dalmatic, and a circlet of gold or polished metal upon thehead. The latter was subsequently replaced by the mitre, which for sometime was made
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