. Elements of transportation, a discussion of steam railroad electric railway, and ocean and inland water transportation . r is much shorter than thelength of the parallel of latitude connecting San Franciscowith Yokohama, and that the short route between the twocities is one which skirts the Aleutian Islands. Except when diverted therefrom to seek traffic or toavoid obstacles, steamers endeavor to follow the great circleroute between two ports. Sailing vessels, however, areol)liged to shape their course with reference to the locationand direction of ocean currents and prevailing
. Elements of transportation, a discussion of steam railroad electric railway, and ocean and inland water transportation . r is much shorter than thelength of the parallel of latitude connecting San Franciscowith Yokohama, and that the short route between the twocities is one which skirts the Aleutian Islands. Except when diverted therefrom to seek traffic or toavoid obstacles, steamers endeavor to follow the great circleroute between two ports. Sailing vessels, however, areol)liged to shape their course with reference to the locationand direction of ocean currents and prevailing routes are usually longer than those which steam-ers can follow. This is well illustrated by the course sailing vessels take 220 OCEAN HIGHWAYS AND SEABOARD TERMINALS 221 in inakinjj: the passage from New York to Australia. Start-ing out from New York in the region of prevailing westerlywinds, the vessels course is nearly east for about 2,000miles until it is two tliirds of the way across the Atlantic,when it swings south into the belt of northern trades whichblow from tlie northeast. The vessel keeps on a course to. The Kiel or Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. the south, passes the equator and crosses the belt of south-ern trade winds which blow from the southeast, and doesnot swing to the east across the South Atlantic until itreaches a latitude as far south as the Cape of Good Hope,where catching the winds from the west the vessel turnsto the east across the Atlantic and sails on past Africa toAustralia. The steamer, on the other hand, proceeds by 222 ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION a direct great circle route from New York to the CapeYerde Islands and thence to Capetown and on to studying a globe upon which the direction of the pre-vailing winds in different latitudes is shown, the studentwill be able to understand why there is such differencebetween sailing and steam routes upon the ocean. The Seven Most Traveled Ocean Routes.—While thereare innumerable courses taken by ve
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