Engineering and Contracting . adius Fig. 2—Ratio of Depth of Excavation and Height of Foundation Fill toCost Per Foot of Aqueduct for Varying Siopes. up in head office showing the variation in the cost of theaqueduct structures at varying depths of excavation, andfor varying sizes of aqueduct, the slopes ranging ft. per 1,000 ft. to IV2 ft. per 1,000 ft. By this meansthe separate field parties were then enabled to adjust thevarious lines to a minimum cost, taking into account allthe varying items affecting such cost, such as the depth ofcut, slope and length. Owing to the unsettled nat
Engineering and Contracting . adius Fig. 2—Ratio of Depth of Excavation and Height of Foundation Fill toCost Per Foot of Aqueduct for Varying Siopes. up in head office showing the variation in the cost of theaqueduct structures at varying depths of excavation, andfor varying sizes of aqueduct, the slopes ranging ft. per 1,000 ft. to IV2 ft. per 1,000 ft. By this meansthe separate field parties were then enabled to adjust thevarious lines to a minimum cost, taking into account allthe varying items affecting such cost, such as the depth ofcut, slope and length. Owing to the unsettled nature ofthe country the camps were practically isolated as com-munication had to be made by means of runners and sup-plies packed in on the backs of porters or by canoe up theBrokenhead and Whitemouth Rivers. Owing to the flatness of the surface of the country therain water does not drain off, and on account of the im-pervious subsoil, which consists of a sandy clay, largeareas of swamps, sloughs and muskegs have formed, mak-. *From a paper presented before the Canadian Society of Civil Engi-neers by W. G. Chace. Chief Engineer of the Aqueduct, and M. , Assistant Chief Engineer. -Slopc ffiyccT peg 1000 recT Fig. 3—Relation of Dimensions of Aqueduct Sections to Slope. ing the country inaccessible, except in winter time. Itwas thus necessary to carry the location work forwardwith the greatest dispatch during the first winter line was located, except for certain short portions, bythe beginning of spring in 1914. The following figures show generally the amount ofwork covered by the five field parties during the winterseason from the time they started out until the line waslocated: 362 miles of transit lines; 1,317 miles of levels;95 miles of precise levels; 380 square miles topography. Borings were also made during the process of location November 29, 1016\ol. XL\I. No. 21 to determine the depth of the overlying muskegs. Some12,000 ft. of borings were made and r
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