. Electric railways; a treatise on the modern development of electric traction, including practical instruction in the latest approved methods of electric equipment and operation . Fig. 60. car drawbars must swivel to round curves and a great amount ofplay at the point of coupling with swiveling drawbars would allowthe couplers to ])end under a pushing strain. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Car Bodies. In cities there are three general types in com-mon use; namely, box cars, suited for winter use only; open cars,suited for summer use only; and semi-convertible cars, which canbe adapted to either summer or


. Electric railways; a treatise on the modern development of electric traction, including practical instruction in the latest approved methods of electric equipment and operation . Fig. 60. car drawbars must swivel to round curves and a great amount ofplay at the point of coupling with swiveling drawbars would allowthe couplers to ])end under a pushing strain. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Car Bodies. In cities there are three general types in com-mon use; namely, box cars, suited for winter use only; open cars,suited for summer use only; and semi-convertible cars, which canbe adapted to either summer or winter use. The open and boxcars are the older types. The semi-convertible car is usually pro-vided with a center aisle, and cross seats on each side of this aisle. m ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. K X u E ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 69 The windows are large, so that they can be lowered or raised insummer to make something approaching the character of an opencar. The car bottom, which forms the basis for the entire carstructure, is constructed with longitudinal sills either of steel orof wood combined with steel. One form of construction employsas the main supports two steel channel bars extending the full length


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