Operative surgery, for students and practitioners . t. The Outlines of the Heart upon the Chest Wall.—Thelower border of the heart corresponds to the line of junction betweenthe body of the sternum and its ensiform cartilage. The upperborder of the heart corresponds to the upper border of the thirdcostal cartilage. To the right of the sternum lies the right auricle,its boundary corresponding to a curved line which is drawn from thearticular end of the third costal cartilage downward and through thefifth costal cartilage close to its articulation with the sternum. Theright ventricle reaches ove
Operative surgery, for students and practitioners . t. The Outlines of the Heart upon the Chest Wall.—Thelower border of the heart corresponds to the line of junction betweenthe body of the sternum and its ensiform cartilage. The upperborder of the heart corresponds to the upper border of the thirdcostal cartilage. To the right of the sternum lies the right auricle,its boundary corresponding to a curved line which is drawn from thearticular end of the third costal cartilage downward and through thefifth costal cartilage close to its articulation with the sternum. Theright ventricle reaches over for a considerable distance to the leftof the sternum, with a portion of the left ventricle adjoining andforming the left border of the heart. The apex, the extreme end 286 THORAX. of the left ventricle, is situated in the fifth intercostal space midwaybetween the parasternal and the mammary lines. One-third of the heart lies to the right and two-thirds to theleft of the middle line. The pulmonary orifice, valve, corresponds to a line which is. Pig. 145.—Outline of Heart and Location of Valves. A, aortic orifice, lefteemilunar valve (dotted line); P, orifice of pulmonary artery, right semi-lunar valve; , line of right and left auriculo-ventricular orifice. Upperpart of line corresponds to left auriculo-ventricular orifice, mitral part of line corresponds to right auriculo-ventricular opening, tri-cuspid valve. Position of the diaphragm is indicated by the curved line thatpasses below the inferior border of the heart. placed upon the junction of the third costal cartilage with the leftborder of the sternum, half of the line upon the cartilage and halfupon the sternum. The aortic orifice, valve, may be indicated by a line drawn from MEDIASTINUM AND CONTENTS. 287 the junction of the third costal cartilage with the left border of thesternum, just below the line indicating the pulmonary valve anddiverging from this, as far as the middle line, to a level with th
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