Topographic surveying; including geographic, exploratory, and military mapping, with hints on camping, emergency surgery, and photography . ng the woodencontours and fitting these together with wooden pegs, carveaway the steps left by the contours with gravers is an exceedingly laborious and difficult process, andthe resulting model lacks expression and looks as wooden asthe material from which it is made. Many efforts have beenmade to use papier mache, but owing to the distortion andwarping in this, because of the varying degrees of moisturein the atmosphere and the material itself
Topographic surveying; including geographic, exploratory, and military mapping, with hints on camping, emergency surgery, and photography . ng the woodencontours and fitting these together with wooden pegs, carveaway the steps left by the contours with gravers is an exceedingly laborious and difficult process, andthe resulting model lacks expression and looks as wooden asthe material from which it is made. Many efforts have beenmade to use papier mache, but owing to the distortion andwarping in this, because of the varying degrees of moisturein the atmosphere and the material itself, no success has asyet attended its use. The form of model used in depicting underground work-ings in a mine is by making a skeleton model of cardboardand glass. A rectangular box of glass is made of such sizeto scale as to include the cubic contents to be modeled. Inthis are glued or suspended by wires, etc., painted sheets ofcardboard at such inclinations as to graphically represent thevarious tunnels, shafts, etc., or the ore-bearing strata, asdesired. A very effective form of model is made by pasting PAPER CONTOUR MODEL MAPS. 487. O -^ D -a o o z ^ o O N « _ ?J 9 fa o PAPER CONTOUR MODEL MAPS. 489 together/rt/^r contours. Fig. 151 shows such a model, madeby taking the printed sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey20-foot contour map of the area depicted. One sheet hadto be taken for each contour interval, and in all 30 to 50sheets were used. The modeler followed carefully withscissors each contour line, and then superimposed each sheeton the next lower. By having printed paper bearing a fixedrelation in thickness to the contour interval an exact quanti-tative reproduction of each 20-foot contour in nature isobtained. REFERENCE WORKS ON TOPOGRAPHY. No attempt has been made in the following Hst of booksbearing on the subject of topography to include all thosepublished. The endeavor has been, however, to irtclude suchas have been consulted by the author in the preparation ofth
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