. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. longicaulis f. longicaulis, A. asarifolia f. asarifolia and ,4. nigricans f. nigricans (Figs. 8,9,10) are typically anchored by a massive, perennating, bulbous, rhizoidal holdfast (Fig. 11) in open sandy or seagrass areas of shallow (to 30 m) pristine waters. As emphasized above, the discovery of incredible mound-building colonial morphs of Avrainvillea [A. longicaulis f. laxa (Fig. 8), A. asarifolia f. olivacea (Fig. 9) and,4. nigricans f. spongiosa (Fig. 10)] catalyzed this study. These three colossal mound-
. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. longicaulis f. longicaulis, A. asarifolia f. asarifolia and ,4. nigricans f. nigricans (Figs. 8,9,10) are typically anchored by a massive, perennating, bulbous, rhizoidal holdfast (Fig. 11) in open sandy or seagrass areas of shallow (to 30 m) pristine waters. As emphasized above, the discovery of incredible mound-building colonial morphs of Avrainvillea [A. longicaulis f. laxa (Fig. 8), A. asarifolia f. olivacea (Fig. 9) and,4. nigricans f. spongiosa (Fig. 10)] catalyzed this study. These three colossal mound-formers are restricted to shallow (<3 m), placid, peat-bottom, high-nutrient waters in the protected interiors of mangrove islands. HYPOTHESES TESTED Coloniality Hypothesis To reiterate, Avrainvillea longicaulis f. longicaulis andyi. asarifolia f. asarifolia (Figs. 8,9) are solitary in open lagoonal sandy environments with consistent wave action but can form extraordinary decades-old colonial (possibly clonal?) mounds (Fig. 12). The taxa, described (Littler and Littler, 1992) as A. longicaulis f. laxa (Fig. 8) and ,4. asarifolia f. olivacea (Fig. 9), are persistent in peaty, highly eutrophic, placid, interior mangrove habitats. The f. laxa and f. olivacea morphs hypothetically (, ^^to^k JH mi. Figure 10. The two dramatically different morphological forms of Avrainvillea nigricans (f. nigricans & f. spongiosa). However, note the anatomical (siphons) Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Smithsonian Institution. Press; National Research Council (U. S. ). Pacific Science Board; Smithsonian Institution; National Museum of Natural History (U. S. ); United States. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Washington, D. C. : [Smithsonian Press]
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