. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 2001 Vergara: Parental Roles in Red Foxes 31 50%-, ] FEMALES (N = 8) MALES (N = 6). Contact lm 1-10 m 10-20 m 20-50 m 50-100 m >100m Figure 9. Average proportion of time that males and females spent at different distances from the nearest kit, based on 165 female visits and 58 male visits. Vertical bars rep- resent standard errors. However, dog foxes providing more food than vix- ens have also been reported in other studies. For instance, Macdonald (1979) found that the father of a captive Red Fox family group provided of the food item
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 2001 Vergara: Parental Roles in Red Foxes 31 50%-, ] FEMALES (N = 8) MALES (N = 6). Contact lm 1-10 m 10-20 m 20-50 m 50-100 m >100m Figure 9. Average proportion of time that males and females spent at different distances from the nearest kit, based on 165 female visits and 58 male visits. Vertical bars rep- resent standard errors. However, dog foxes providing more food than vix- ens have also been reported in other studies. For instance, Macdonald (1979) found that the father of a captive Red Fox family group provided of the food items to the kits, more than either the moth- er (), or the two helpers (17 % and 20 %). Finally, another aspect of the observed variability in parental care patterns is the presence of a helper in two of the families (Keene and Knox). In Ontario, evidence of several vixens within a family group, helping, and communal denning is sparse (Voigt and Macdonald 1984). Intraspecific variation in paternal care is not unique to foxes. Male care in Coyotes (Canis latrans) was reported absent in some parts of their range (, Minnesota, Berg and Chesness 1978) and present in others ( Wyoming, Camenzind 1978). In fact, intraspecific variation in patterns of parental care and social organization in contrasting habitats may be as pronounced as interspecific differences (Macdonald 1980, and Moehlman 1989 for canids; Bekoff et al. 1984, for carnivores, citing examples of Coyotes, Wolves, Kalahari Lions, Panthera leo, Brown Hyenas, Hyaena brunnea, Striped Hyenas, Hyaena vulgaris, Golden Jackals, Raccoons, Procyon lotor, African Wild Dogs and Red Foxes; Moehlman 1998, for Feral Asses, Equus africanus; Roberts et al. 1998, for Prairie Voles, Microtus ochrogaster; Yamagiwa and Hill 1998, for Japanese Macaques, Macaca fus- cata; Blumstein and Armitage 1999, for several species of Marmot, Marmota spp.). Variability in the reproductive strategies of male foxes may be related to food, as it is
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