. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis . Notes There have been large-scale changes in nutrient cycles in recent decades, mainly due to additional inputs from fertilizers, livestock waste, human wastes, and biomass burning. Inland water and coastal systems have been increasingly affected by eutrophication due to transfer of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems as biological buffers that limit these transfers have been significantly impaired. Humans have made major changes to water cycles through structural changes to rivers, extraction of water from rivers, and, more
. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis . Notes There have been large-scale changes in nutrient cycles in recent decades, mainly due to additional inputs from fertilizers, livestock waste, human wastes, and biomass burning. Inland water and coastal systems have been increasingly affected by eutrophication due to transfer of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems as biological buffers that limit these transfers have been significantly impaired. Humans have made major changes to water cycles through structural changes to rivers, extraction of water from rivers, and, more recently, climate change. MA Chapter C12 S7 C7 1 For provisioning services, human use increases if the human consumption ot the service increases (, greater food consumption); for regulating and cultural services, human use increases if the number of people affected by the service increases. The time frame is in general the past 50 years, although if the trend has changed within that time frame, the indicator shows the most recent trend. " For provisioning services, we define enhancement to mean increased production of the service through changes in area over which the service is provided (, spread of agriculture) or increased production per unit area. We judge the production to be degraded if the current use exceeds sustainable levels. For regulating and supporting services, enhancement refers to a change in the service that leads to greater benefits for people (, the service of disease regulation could be improved by eradication of a vector known to transmit a disease to people). Degradation of a regulating and supporting services means a reduction in the benefits obtained from the service, either through a change in the service (, mangrove loss reducing the storm protection benefits of an ecosystem) or through human pressures on the service exceeding its limits (, excessive pollution exceeding the capability of ecosystems to maintain water quality).
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