. American engineer and railroad journal . -isfactory for lignite. It was originally designed with the ideathat the increased air opening would reduce the amount of firelifted from the grates. It is impossible to determine if it hashad such an effect, but other advantages, such as simplicity,cheapness, durability, fewer connections, reduction of enginefailures, etc., have made it a success. Brick Arch.—It is generally the practice in burning lignite coalto use a large arch so that the sparks and gases will be con-sumed before going into the tubes. This should be fitted tightlyagainst the flue
. American engineer and railroad journal . -isfactory for lignite. It was originally designed with the ideathat the increased air opening would reduce the amount of firelifted from the grates. It is impossible to determine if it hashad such an effect, but other advantages, such as simplicity,cheapness, durability, fewer connections, reduction of enginefailures, etc., have made it a success. Brick Arch.—It is generally the practice in burning lignite coalto use a large arch so that the sparks and gases will be con-sumed before going into the tubes. This should be fitted tightlyagainst the flue sheet and there should be no holes in the archbetween the various bricks. Front End.—In considering front end appliances the diamondstack must be mentioned, as it overcomes the trouble fromsparks fairly successfully. There are several serious objections,however, to the use of the diamond stack, among which are thefollowing: It is necessary to use a comparatively small nozzletip and an engine will not run as well or handle as much ton-. Portluod Cement FIG. 2.—FIRST FORM OF FRONT END WITH STRAIGHT STACK USED FOR BURNING LIGNITE ON THE BURLINGTON. Lignite does not coke when burning, but breaks up into smallpieces which are kept moving by the draft when an engine isworking hard. As these particles burn, and decrease in size, theyeventually reach a point where the draft is strong enough tocarry them up, over the arch, through the flues and out of thestack. It is a peculiar property of lignite that these small piecesgenerally burn until they are entirely consumed, and it is neces-sary that they be reduced to a very small size before they arepermitted to escape. It is therefore apparent that the importanceof adequate spark arresting appliances is greater than with bi-tuminous coal. The ash pan should be as tight as possible with-out any direct openings below the level of the mud ring, thatare not covered by small mesh netting. Sufficient air opening * Chief Draftsman, Burlingto
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