. The last American frontier . away. Through the great trails which penetrated thedesert accurate knowledge of the Far West had begunto come. By 1850 the tradition which Pike and Longhad helped to found had well-nigh disappeared, andcovetous eyes had been cast upon the Indianlands across the border, — lands from which thetribes were never to be removed without their con- 119 120 THE LAST AMERICAN FRONTIER sent, and which were never to be included in anyorganized territory or state. Most of the trafficover the trails and through this country had been indefiance of treaty obligations. Some of th

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. The last American frontier . away. Through the great trails which penetrated thedesert accurate knowledge of the Far West had begunto come. By 1850 the tradition which Pike and Longhad helped to found had well-nigh disappeared, andcovetous eyes had been cast upon the Indianlands across the border, — lands from which thetribes were never to be removed without their con- 119 120 THE LAST AMERICAN FRONTIER sent, and which were never to be included in anyorganized territory or state. Most of the trafficover the trails and through this country had been indefiance of treaty obligations. Some of the tribeshad granted rights of transit, but such privileges aswere needed and used by the Oregon, and California,and Utah hordes were far in excess of these. Mostof the emigrants were technically trespassers uponIndian lands as well as violators of treaty with the Indians had begun early in the mi-grations. At the very beginning of the Oregon movement theIndian office had foreseen trouble: ^^Frequent diffi-. • ????Ma** GON ?Err. ^^ ^ ^ I Z ED ! r E R R.

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