Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza (Spinosa or Despinosa) (1632-1677) Dutch philosopher born in Amsterdam into a Jewish family who had fled Roman Catholic persecution in Portugal. Expelled from the Jewish community in 1656 for heresy. Interested in optics, astronomy and theology in addition to philosophy. From 'Histoire des Philosophes Modernes' by Alexandre Saverien (Paris, 1762).

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Keywords: 1656, addition, alexandre, amsterdam, astronomy, born, catholic, community, des, dutch, expelled, family, fled, heresy., histoire, interested, jewish, modernes, optics, persecution, philosopher, philosophes, philosophy., portugal., roman, saverien, theology

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