. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. C'01\ri'ARATlVK OSTK()I,()';V Ol' lli:i;i;i.\( I'li^IIKS 13 Hyoid Arch In all genera the head of the hyoinandibular is heavy and broad, artieulatinp' over nearly the entire postorbital length of the cranium. The head of the bone is in all instances single, but there is a strong ten- dency for the thrust to go sepa- rately to the anterior (sphenotic) and posterior (pterotic) surfaces, with little in between. In the shad this has
. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. C'01\ri'ARATlVK OSTK()I,()';V Ol' lli:i;i;i.\( I'li^IIKS 13 Hyoid Arch In all genera the head of the hyoinandibular is heavy and broad, artieulatinp' over nearly the entire postorbital length of the cranium. The head of the bone is in all instances single, but there is a strong ten- dency for the thrust to go sepa- rately to the anterior (sphenotic) and posterior (pterotic) surfaces, with little in between. In the shad this has reached the point where the two articular surfaces are separated, but the bone, while ligliter and somewhat grooved between tiiem, is still single. The most posterior branchiostegal ray (Fig. 9) is always the largest, and is broadened distally. This is particularly true in the thread-herring (Fig. 10) where it becomes :g. 10. Lateral view of the hypohyals of the thread-herring, Opisthoncnia liber- tatc, X5. Opercular Apparatus The opercular bones are sufficiently dissimilar to be diagnostic of all the genera under consideration. In all genera a series of sensory canals radiate outward and downward from the edge of articulation with the hyonuindibular over the outer surface of the opercle (an unic^ue feature of the Clupeoid fishes among living bony fishes). In the herring these canals leave no trace on the bone, and its surface is smooth. In the sardine the bone bears a number (depending somew^hat on the age of the fish) of very definite grooves in which these canals lie. In the thread- herring there is a single groove parallel with the anterior edge of the bone which is more or less closed over into a tube. In the shad there are two or three shallow grooves, not distinctive as in the sardine, and most of the bone remains smooth. The posterior outline of the opercular series is rather square cut in the sardine (Fig. 7) and thread-herring (Fig. 5), whereas in the
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