. Railroad construction, theory and practice; a text-book for the use of students in colleges and technical schools . Fig. 138.—Gkound Lever for Throwing a Switch, STEEL SHAFT i;3^,°^^- . Fig. 139.—Ramapo Patent Switch Stand. Non-automatic. § 302. SWITCHES AND CROSSINGS. 341 In Fig. 139 is shown a design in which the arc of the throwinglever is parallel to the track, an important feature in quickswitching work. 302. Tie-rods. These are fastened to the webs of the rails bymeans of lugs which are bolted on, there being usually a hinge-

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