. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 10 12 Sonomicrometry (mm) 14 16 B 16 T. 10 12 Sonomicrometry (mm) 14 16 Figure 2. Wing kinematics (insets) as measured from lateral video images (60 fields per second). The one-axis (dorsoventral excursion only) wingbeat amplitude (2A inset) was measured as in Dial et al. (1997), whiereas thie two-axis excursion (2B inset) also incorporated thie anteroposterior movement of the wing. (A) Correlation of one-axis kinematic estimate of fiber length change (, deltopectoral crest excursion) with fiber length change as m
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 10 12 Sonomicrometry (mm) 14 16 B 16 T. 10 12 Sonomicrometry (mm) 14 16 Figure 2. Wing kinematics (insets) as measured from lateral video images (60 fields per second). The one-axis (dorsoventral excursion only) wingbeat amplitude (2A inset) was measured as in Dial et al. (1997), whiereas thie two-axis excursion (2B inset) also incorporated thie anteroposterior movement of the wing. (A) Correlation of one-axis kinematic estimate of fiber length change (, deltopectoral crest excursion) with fiber length change as measured by sonomicrometry. (B) Correlation of two-axis kine- matic estimate of fiber length change with fiber length change as measured by sonomicrometry. the greatest muscle power output during hovering flight (Fig. 1). Minimum power speeds differed between the three birds, being 6 m/s, 4 in/s, and 10 m/s, respec- tively, for magpies 1, 2, and 3. However, the low power output of magpie 3 at 10 m/s was probably due to a ceiling effect, because this bird insisted on flying close (<30 cm) to the ceiling of the test cham- ber. This likely resulted in the disruption of tip vortices and consequent reduction in drag, causing the low observed power output. Strain estimated from single-axis kine- inatics was positively correlated with strain ineasured for the same muscle contraction using sonomicrometry. Although signifi- cant, the correlation was not strong (r- = ; ij = + ; F = , df = 18; Fig. 2A). Fiber length changes esti- inated from two-axis kinematics and son- omicrometry exliibited a stronger correla-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass. : The Museum
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