. Electric railway journal . erswere Prof. Moses G. Farmer and Professor Page, thelatter with the government aid constructing a smallprimary battery car which reached 19 on a roadbetween Washington and Bladenburg. The above and other experiments were doomed tocommercial failure not alone because the source ofpower was the primary battery, but because the motorswere of crude design and construction, based upon theattraction of keepers or solenoids. Between 1845 and1870 the self-exciting dynamo was developed and be-tween 1867 and 1872 its reversibility was , in the quart
. Electric railway journal . erswere Prof. Moses G. Farmer and Professor Page, thelatter with the government aid constructing a smallprimary battery car which reached 19 on a roadbetween Washington and Bladenburg. The above and other experiments were doomed tocommercial failure not alone because the source ofpower was the primary battery, but because the motorswere of crude design and construction, based upon theattraction of keepers or solenoids. Between 1845 and1870 the self-exciting dynamo was developed and be-tween 1867 and 1872 its reversibility was , in the quarter century ending in 1875 thereappeared to be a complete cessation of electric railwayexperiments. Early Commercial Work Among the European concerns engaged in buildingdynamos for lighting and other purposes that of Sie-mens was the most prominent. In 1879 this firm showedat the Berlin Exposition a small car operated from athird-rail with track return. Soon after among otherinventors Stephen D. Field and Thomas A. Edison be-. * Abstract of a paper delivered before the Atlantic City conven-tion of the American Electric Railway Association on Oct. 12, 1916. gan electric railway ex-periments. Priority ofinvention was awardedto Field, who early contemplated the operation of street cars in San Fran-cisco. In 1880 Edison built a small road at his MenloPark laboratory, and in the following year Siemens andHalske established a ly^-mile, one-car line at Lichter-felde, near Berlin. The latter may be considered thefirst commercial electric railroad. This equipment wa9followed by one at the Paris Exposition where overheaddistribution was used for the first time. In 1881 I constructed at the torpedo station, New-port, a dynamo which had two armature circuits and aplug switch by means of which series-parallel combina-tions could be made. Tests of the machine under theseconditions were made, first as a dynamo and later as amotor. Some years later there was combined with thesimple series-paral
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