Social England : a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . um, and theNorth of France, he beganto study the surface ofthe earth and to speculateabout its history. In 1768he retired from practicalfarming, and devoted him-self thenceforth to work-ing out his ideas aboutthe origin of rocks andminerals. In 1785 he com-numicated his views to thenewly established RoyalSociety of Edinburgh, in apaper entitled Theory of the Earth, or an Investigation of theLaws Observable i
Social England : a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . um, and theNorth of France, he beganto study the surface ofthe earth and to speculateabout its history. In 1768he retired from practicalfarming, and devoted him-self thenceforth to work-ing out his ideas aboutthe origin of rocks andminerals. In 1785 he com-numicated his views to thenewly established RoyalSociety of Edinburgh, in apaper entitled Theory of the Earth, or an Investigation of theLaws Observable in the C!omposition, Dissolution, and Restora-tion of Land upon the Globe. The Theory of the Earth wasrepublished in an extended form in 1795. To the diffusion ofHuttons ideas his friend John Playfair, Professor of Mathematicsat Edinburgh, contributed much by his Illustrations of theHuttonian Theory of the Earth (1802). Playfair had the gift ofluminous exposition, in which Hutton was somewhat wanting. From Huttons ideas the geological doctrine known as uni-formitarianism took its origin. According to this doctrine, thepresent state of the earth, and in particular the distribution of. DR. JAJIES UUTTOX.(A caricature of 17S7 by Kay.) PHILOSOPHT AND SCIENCE. )67 1802] its rocks, is to be explained entirely by causes in kind and degreeresembling those that are in action to-day. The present rocks,in Huttons view, have been formed out of the waste of olderrocks. The materials were laid down beneath the sea, consoli-dated under great pressure, and afterwards disrupted andupheaved by the expansive force of subterraneous heat. ]\Ioltenrock was injected into the rents of the dislocated strata. Theupheaved land, exposed to the atmosphere, is subject to decay,and the process of decay will not cease till the whole is againlaid down on the sea Hoor, whence the consolidated sedimentwill be raised into new land by new upheavals. Geology is notcosmoo-onv, but is concerned entirely with these alt
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