. A guide to the study of lichens. n the arcticregions as well as in the tropics. In some coun-tries it is eaten by wild animals or is collected andpreserved as fodder for domestic animals. Bertramstates that the Pennsylvanians prepared from it anorange dye, and Humboldt states that the South Ameri-cans used it for dyeing purposes. In the past ages itenjoyed an extensive use as a remedial agent. It wasused as an astrigent, tonic, diuretic; it was highlyrecommended for whooping-cough, and as an formed the basis of hair-powders and perfumes andwas thought serviceable in the preparatio
. A guide to the study of lichens. n the arcticregions as well as in the tropics. In some coun-tries it is eaten by wild animals or is collected andpreserved as fodder for domestic animals. Bertramstates that the Pennsylvanians prepared from it anorange dye, and Humboldt states that the South Ameri-cans used it for dyeing purposes. In the past ages itenjoyed an extensive use as a remedial agent. It wasused as an astrigent, tonic, diuretic; it was highlyrecommended for whooping-cough, and as an formed the basis of hair-powders and perfumes andwas thought serviceable in the preparation of explo-sives. Boiled in beer it was said to cure catarrhand dropsy. The Laplanders used it in the treatmentof scald head, and scrofula of children. 3. Usnea longissima. Thallus much elongated,branched, lobes somewhat flattened, rare or wanting. Spores typical, 9/>(, X 5/x. The thallus is much longer than in JJ. barbata, andalso more slender and pendulous. It occurs mostlyupon trees on high PLATE VI. Fruticoso Type. Redwood Canyon. MarinCo., California. Usnea harhafn, tlio familiar ••beardmoss. GENERA AND SPECIES. 169 VII. VERR UCA RIA CE^. The representatives of this family are characterizedby small globose apothecia, which are either immersedin the substratum (bark or rock) or in the thallus {Der-matocarpon and Endocarpon). In the majority ofgenera the thallus is crustose, even wholly hypophloeo-dal or hypolithic. Another characteristic of the fam-ily is the indistinct, slender, gelatinized paraphyses. With the exception of Endocarpon the members ofthe family are insignificant in appearance; in fact,some are very doubtful lichens, as, for example, mostof the Pyrenulas and some species of Trypethelium. Two algal types exist in this family: Ghroolepusoccurs in the genera from Trypethelium to Verrucaria,Pleurococcus occurs in Verrucaria, Dermatocarponand Endocarpon. It must, however, be born in mindthat the algal symbiont may vary in
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