. The biology of the frog . all openingsthrough the sides of the urostyle near the anterior end forthe exit of the last pair of spinal nerves. The centra of the vertebrae are joined together by meansof pads of hyaline cartilage; connecting ligaments extendalong both the ventral and the dorsal surfaces of the centra;and the arches and neural spines are joined by spinal nerves make their exit through the i?ttervertebralforamina, between the sides of the neural arches. The Pectoral Girdle and Sternum. — The pectoral girdleis a bony arch which gives support to the fore limbs. Theuppe
. The biology of the frog . all openingsthrough the sides of the urostyle near the anterior end forthe exit of the last pair of spinal nerves. The centra of the vertebrae are joined together by meansof pads of hyaline cartilage; connecting ligaments extendalong both the ventral and the dorsal surfaces of the centra;and the arches and neural spines are joined by spinal nerves make their exit through the i?ttervertebralforamina, between the sides of the neural arches. The Pectoral Girdle and Sternum. — The pectoral girdleis a bony arch which gives support to the fore limbs. Theupper end of the girdle is formed by a flat, distally expanded ; SC/> Fig. 66.— Transverse section of shouldergirdle, cor, coracoid ; , epicoracoid;gl, gleniod cavily; hu, humerus; sop. scap-ula; , supra-scapula ; v. 3, third ver-tebra. (After Parker and Parker.) XIII THE SKELETON 239 portion, the suprascapular which is composed of cartilagewhich is more or less calcified at the base. The supra-. FlG. 67. — Middle part of the shoulder girdle of the frog from below. Co,coracoid; Co, epicoracoid; CI, clavicle; Ep, episternum; G, glenoidcavity; Fe, fenestra; AC, cartilage between scapula and clavicle; Kn,xiphisternum; m, junction of epicoracoids; S, scapula; .S/, sternum.(After Wiedersheim.) scapula articulates below with the long scapula, which isoblong and constricted in the middle ; the posterior sfde ofthe lower end forms part of the glenoid fossa, which receivesthe head of the humerus. A notch occurs at the glenoidfossa, dividing the lower end of the scapula into dorsal orglenoid part from a ventral aeromial portion. From the lower end of the scapula two bars extendtoward the middle line. The anterior of these consists ofa bar of hyaline cartilage, the procoracoid, in front of, and 240 THE BIOLOGY OF THE FROG chap. partly inclosing, which is a membrane bone, the its outer end the clavicle is bent forward, and applied toa forward proj
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