. Nosema-disease. Bees. NOSEMA-DISBASB. 7 bears some relation to the peritrophib membranes {Pmh). Outside the basement membrane is the muscular portion of the stomach wall consisting of three (White, 1918) muscular layers (PI. II, D; and PI, III, L). The outer and inner ones are made up of longitudinal and the middle one of circular fibers (fig. 3). Each layer is made up of a single layer of branched fibers. Digestion and absorption, comparable to some extent to those obtaining in the human stomach, are functions which have been attributed to the stomach of the bee. The Malpighian tubules (fig
. Nosema-disease. Bees. NOSEMA-DISBASB. 7 bears some relation to the peritrophib membranes {Pmh). Outside the basement membrane is the muscular portion of the stomach wall consisting of three (White, 1918) muscular layers (PI. II, D; and PI, III, L). The outer and inner ones are made up of longitudinal and the middle one of circular fibers (fig. 3). Each layer is made up of a single layer of branched fibers. Digestion and absorption, comparable to some extent to those obtaining in the human stomach, are functions which have been attributed to the stomach of the bee. The Malpighian tubules (fig. 2, G Mai) empty into the alimentary tract at or very near the juncture of the stomach and small intestine. Microscopically their structure is seen to consist of a single layer of. FiQ. 3.—Longitudiiml section of stomach of honeybee showing infection ^th Nosema apis: «p, Epithelial portion, containing the spores of the parasite stained black. (The younger parasites, not differentiated so easily by staining, are not shown; they are found toward the base of the cells reaching the bfisement membrane (,BM), but do not extend beyond it. Younger spores sometimes show an unstained area at one end and occasionally at both ends.) m, muscular portion of stomach wall showing an outer and an inner longitudinal muscular layer and a middle circular one. (Author's illustration.) epithehal cells (fig. 2, C, Epih) and a basement membrane (BM), hut no pronounced intima. The function attributed to these tubules is one comparable in a measure to that of the kidneys of the vertebrates. CAUSE OF NOSEMA-DISEASE. THE EXCITING CAUSE. On December 4, 1856, Donhoff (1857, August) inoculated a colony of bees with the oval bodies he had found in the stomachs of adult bees. The inoculation was made by feeding the colony the crushed stomachs of the infected bees in a honey suspension diluted with water. Upon examining stomachs from adult bees taken from the inoculated colony in eight days following the in
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, bookpublisherwa, booksubjectbees
