. Insect and disease conditions in the United States, 1979-83 : what else is growing in our forests?. Forest insects United States; Trees Diseases and pests United States; Plants Disease and pest resistance. Nursery Pests Table 2. Pest-caused losses for both conifers and hardwoods in forest nurseries in the United States from 1979 to 1983—Continued State Condition and causal agent 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 West Virginia Foliage disease Lophodermium pinastri Insect Cutworm (Feltia ducens) Miscellaneous conditions Stunting (cause unknown) Root disease Cylindrocladium sp. Insect Pine sawfly (Neodi
. Insect and disease conditions in the United States, 1979-83 : what else is growing in our forests?. Forest insects United States; Trees Diseases and pests United States; Plants Disease and pest resistance. Nursery Pests Table 2. Pest-caused losses for both conifers and hardwoods in forest nurseries in the United States from 1979 to 1983—Continued State Condition and causal agent 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 West Virginia Foliage disease Lophodermium pinastri Insect Cutworm (Feltia ducens) Miscellaneous conditions Stunting (cause unknown) Root disease Cylindrocladium sp. Insect Pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei) Miscellaneous conditions Hail 0 1,000 106 97 0 Thousands of seedlings killed or unusable 115 333 0 0 130 92 1 1,115 0 170 52 0 TotaE 35,862 24,390 41,495 0 211 45 0 350 40,345 0 196 94 0 44,636 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Wyoming have no nurseries. lings—is enough to reforest 167,000 acres (67,600 ha) at a density of 450 stems per acre. From 1979 to 1983, soilborne pests, particularly damping-off and root diseases, caused most of the chronic and random losses. Insect-caused damage also re- mained less important than disease-caused damage. Insect damage was usually confined to small numbers of seedlings in scattered nurseries. Prevention/Suppression In bareroot tree nurseries, one of the most widely used methods of controlling pest losses is by fumigating the soil with methyl bromide-chloropicrin formulations before seeds are planted (fig. 7). When properly done, this techni- que reduces most of the soil fungi, insects, nematodes, and weed seeds to innocuous levels. Beneficial organisms are also eliminated, but they are usually present nearby and generally return more quickly than harmful organisms. Recently, solar pasteurization has been used on a limited scale as an alternative to fumigation. Solar pasteurization eliminates some of the less persistent soil pests. During pasteurization, the sun's heat partially sterilizes the soil. Although broad-spectr
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