. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems Table : Different forms of incertitude and possible methodological responses Source: Adapted from Stirling, 2007 and Stirling and Gee, 2002 Knowledge about outcomes Knowledqe about likelihood Outcomes well defined Outcomes poorly defined Some basis for probabilities Risk Ambiguity Risk assessment Participatory deliberation Multi-attribute utility theory Stakeholder negotiation Decision analysis Q-method, repertory
. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems Table : Different forms of incertitude and possible methodological responses Source: Adapted from Stirling, 2007 and Stirling and Gee, 2002 Knowledge about outcomes Knowledqe about likelihood Outcomes well defined Outcomes poorly defined Some basis for probabilities Risk Ambiguity Risk assessment Participatory deliberation Multi-attribute utility theory Stakeholder negotiation Decision analysis Q-method, repertory grid Cost-benefit analysis Scenario workshops Monte Carlo modelling Multi-criteria mapping Bayesian techniques Interactive modelling Statistical errors, levels of proof No basis for probabilities Uncertainty Ignorance Uncertainty heuristics Targeted research and horizon scanning Sensitivity analysis Transdisciplinary and institutional learning Scenario analysis Open-ended surveillance and monitoring Interval analysis Evidentiary presumptions, ubiquity, mobility, persistence Onus of persuasion Bio-accumulation Decision heuristics Adaptive management: flexibility, diversity, resilience governance and management. Precaution implies that measures may need to be taken even when some cause-and- effect relationships are not fully established scientifically. Adaptive governance and management Characteristics of environmental issues also imply that both governance systems and management schemes must be adaptive to deal with the complexity and dynamics - hence the constant change - of ecosystems and of human systems, to respond to uncertainties and to allow for continuous learning, feedbacks and adjustments to new situations and knowledge (see Box ). The concept of adaptive governance is used to enlarge the focus from adaptive Small spider crab among black corals (antipatharians).. management of ecosystems to address the broader social contexts that enable ecosystem-based management
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