. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 320 ® D. S. HIBBETT AND M. BINDER. Figure 1. Appendaged spore (A) and enclosed fruiting bodies (B) of the marine homobasidiomycete Niu vibrissa. Parsimony analysis (15) resulted in two shortest trees (5175 steps, consistency index (CD = retention in- dex (RI) = ). and ML analysis resulted in one optimal tree (-InL = ; Fig. 2). In all trees, the aquatic species occur in four separate lineages (Fig. 2). There are two equally parsimonious reconstructions of shifts between terrestrial and aquatic habitats
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 320 ® D. S. HIBBETT AND M. BINDER. Figure 1. Appendaged spore (A) and enclosed fruiting bodies (B) of the marine homobasidiomycete Niu vibrissa. Parsimony analysis (15) resulted in two shortest trees (5175 steps, consistency index (CD = retention in- dex (RI) = ). and ML analysis resulted in one optimal tree (-InL = ; Fig. 2). In all trees, the aquatic species occur in four separate lineages (Fig. 2). There are two equally parsimonious reconstructions of shifts between terrestrial and aquatic habitats (on all three trees). One reconstruction suggests that there have been four indepen- dent transitions from terrestrial to aquatic habitats (Fig. 2A). whereas the other reconstruction suggests that there have been three shifts to aquatic habitats and one reversal from aquatic to terrestrial habitats (Fig. 2B). Under the latter scenario, the terrestrial species Cyphellopsis anomala would be derived from marine ancestors. All of the aquatic species in our data set are nested in a strongly supported group (parsimony bootstrap = 90%/ML bootstrap = 99%) called the euagarics clade. which has been estimated to contain roughly 7400 species (57%) of homobasidiomycetes (Fig. 2; 16). Most members of the euagarics clade are typical mushrooms, with a cap. gills, and (often) a stalk. Familiar taxa in our data set include the cultivated button mushroom Agaricus bisporus and the my- corrhizal "fly agaric" Ainanita muscaria. The ancestor of the euagarics clade was probably a gilled mushroom (14), but contemporary aquatic fungi bear scant resemblance to such forms, as described below. Three marine species in our data set, Halocyphina villosa. Calathella mangrovei, and Physalacria imiipoensis are bal- listosporic, have exposed spore-bearing surfaces, and occur in intertidal mangrove communities. Halocyphina villosa and Calathella mangrovei produce "cyphelloid" fruiting bodies,
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
