. Fig. 172.—Hydro-pneumo-thorax. I, Point of adhesion of the pleura; P, healthy lung; Ps, splenised lung; E, liquid or purulent exudate; Ca, air cavity constituting pneumo-thorax ; C, heart. HYDRO-PNEUMO-THORAX AND PYO'PNEUMO'THORAX. When pneumo-thorax is set up, it rarely remains simple. In the great majority of cases the pleura becomes infected, either directly, by the lesion which has determined the pneumo-thorax (tubercle, superficial abscess, actinomycotic lesion, etc.), or secondarily, by the penetration of germs from the air or from the bronchus (echinococcosis, emphysema). Simple pneum
. Fig. 172.—Hydro-pneumo-thorax. I, Point of adhesion of the pleura; P, healthy lung; Ps, splenised lung; E, liquid or purulent exudate; Ca, air cavity constituting pneumo-thorax ; C, heart. HYDRO-PNEUMO-THORAX AND PYO'PNEUMO'THORAX. When pneumo-thorax is set up, it rarely remains simple. In the great majority of cases the pleura becomes infected, either directly, by the lesion which has determined the pneumo-thorax (tubercle, superficial abscess, actinomycotic lesion, etc.), or secondarily, by the penetration of germs from the air or from the bronchus (echinococcosis, emphysema). Simple pneumo-thorax then becomes converted into hydro-pneumo-thorax or pyo-pneumo-thorax, according to circumstances—that is to say, whether the exudation into the pleural cavity is of a simple character or is of the nature of pus. Symptoms. Hydro-pneumo-thorax is characterised by the signs common to true pneumo-thorax, which constitutes the primary lesion, viz., sudden difficulty in breathing, exaggerated unilateral resonance,
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