Salmonella Typhimurium Scanning electron micrograph of Salmonella Typhimurium invading a human epithelial cell. Credit: NIAID
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies[2][3] that include over 2,600 serotypes.[4] Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon.[5] Salmonella species are non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about and μm, lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body).[6] They are chemotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources. They are also facultative anaerobes, capable of generating ATP with oxygen ("aerobically") when it is available, or when oxygen is not available, using other electron acceptors or fermentation ("anaerobically") get its energy.[6] Salmonella species are intracellular pathogens;[7] certain serotypes causing illness. Nontyphoidal serotypes can be transferred from animal-to-human and from human-to-human. They usually invade only the gastrointestinal tract and cause salmonellosis, the symptoms of which can be resolved without antibiotics. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, nontyphoidal Salmonella can be invasive and cause paratyphoid fever, which requires immediate treatment with antibiotics. Typhoidal serotypes can only be transferred from human-to-human, and can cause food-borne infection, typhoid fever, and paratyphoid fever.[8] Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella invading the bloodstream (the typhoidal form), or in addition spreads throughout the body, invades organs, and secretes endotoxins (the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock and septic shock, and requires intensive care including antibiotics.
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Keywords: disease, food, grow, growing, human, ill, illness, poisoning, salmonella, sick, sickness, spoil, spoiled
