. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. CRYSTALS. 53 of the leaves, and detached entire; on becoming turgid when wetted, they will usually discharge their raphides one by one from one or both ends of the cell until the bundle is almost exhausted.^ 186. When the ordinary' octahedral or prismatic crystals are aggregated or combined, they generally compose a spherical mass. Such aggrega- tions are of two principal types : (1) those made up of many small crystals irregular- ly grouped, and usually- prese
. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. CRYSTALS. 53 of the leaves, and detached entire; on becoming turgid when wetted, they will usually discharge their raphides one by one from one or both ends of the cell until the bundle is almost exhausted.^ 186. When the ordinary' octahedral or prismatic crystals are aggregated or combined, they generally compose a spherical mass. Such aggrega- tions are of two principal types : (1) those made up of many small crystals irregular- ly grouped, and usually- presenting sharp points over the surface, as in Fig. 36 a; (2) those with a distinctly radiated structure (Fig. 361). Good examples of the former are abundant in the foliage of Chenopo- diaceas and the stems of Cactaceffi. Clusters belonging to the latter, or stellate, t3'pe are not uncommon in Malvaceae. Both forms have been termed SphcBraphides ^ and Sphere-crystals. The term cystolith, sometimes improperly applied to them, should be whollj- restricted to the peculiar bodies described on page 40. 187. Owing to the mechanical difficulty of isolating plant-. 1 Turpin (Annales des Sc. nat., ser. 2, tome v., 1836) described the raphldes- beaving cells of Caladium, in which tliis discharge takes place, under the name of Mforines. 2 " They are most irregularly scattered through the tissues of the plant. ... I have never failed to find them in a single species of the order Caryo- phyllacese, Geraniaceae, Lythi'acese, Saxifragaceae, and Urticaceas, and believe that few if any orders could be named in which sphseraphides do not exist as part and parcel of the healthy and growing structure of the plant " (Gulliver, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. xii., 1863, p. 227). Fig. 36. The more important forms of crystals of calcic oxalate: a, three cells from" the petiole of maiiicata; 6, from the leaf of Tradescantia discolor; c and d, from the leaf of Alliu
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