. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. Figure 1. (A) Top view of a Membranipora membranacea colony. Note the darker spaces in the interior of the colony; these are the areas of excurrent flow called excurrent chimneys. (B) A closer top view of a group of feeding zooids with lophophores extended. Note that the lophophores are packed very tightly. trade-offs could be important, the focus of this study is on the effect of zooid spacing on food acquisition. Bryozoans use a ciliated crown of tentacles called a lophophore to create a feeding current that brings water l
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. Figure 1. (A) Top view of a Membranipora membranacea colony. Note the darker spaces in the interior of the colony; these are the areas of excurrent flow called excurrent chimneys. (B) A closer top view of a group of feeding zooids with lophophores extended. Note that the lophophores are packed very tightly. trade-offs could be important, the focus of this study is on the effect of zooid spacing on food acquisition. Bryozoans use a ciliated crown of tentacles called a lophophore to create a feeding current that brings water laden with food down through the center of the crown toward the mouth and out through the base (Fig. 2). Food particles, which are generally phytoplankton, are trans- ported to the mouth by a combination of mechanisms, including beat reversals of lateral cilia (Strathmann, 1973. 1982), tentacle flicks (Borg, 1926: Bullivant. 1968a: Strath- mann, 1973; Larsen and Riisgard, 2002). other behaviors involving the tentacles (Winston, 1978). and bulk flow (Bullivant, 1968a; Best and Thorpe, 1983; McKinney et <//.. 1986). Particle capture can be influenced by many factors such as temperature (Riisgard and Manriquez, 1997), par- ticle concentration (Best and Thorpe, 1983, 1986b; Riisgard and Mann'quez. 1997). presence of neighboring colonies (Okamura, 1984, 1985. 1988; Best and Thorpe, 1986a. b). particle size (Okamura. 1987. 1990), and colony size (Oka- mura, 1984. 1985). Feeding zooids can show a wide variety of behaviors at the level of the individual (Winston, 1978. 1979: Shunatova and Ostrovsky, 2001) and the colony (Winston. 1978. 1979; Shunatova and Ostrovsky. 2002). At both levels, volumetric incurrent flow must equal volumetric excurrent flow accord- ing to the principle of continuity, where volumetric flow is equal to the velocity multiplied by the cross-sectional area (Dick, 1987). Individual zooids, or those spaced very widely apart, do not experience interference in their
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
