. Bell telephone magazine . and compared by useof acoustical recordings. The record-ings would also serve to help appraisesuccessive developments of the vac-uum tube and demonstrate its per-formance as an amplifier. This new approach to achievementof improved transmission, togetherwith these original and fundamentalstudies of sound, marked the begin-ning of the science of electronic ampli-fication. Talking pictures were not contem-plated by the engineers initiating thesefundamental studies of sound. How-ever, they believed it imperative toobtain recordings of higher qualitythan those available
. Bell telephone magazine . and compared by useof acoustical recordings. The record-ings would also serve to help appraisesuccessive developments of the vac-uum tube and demonstrate its per-formance as an amplifier. This new approach to achievementof improved transmission, togetherwith these original and fundamentalstudies of sound, marked the begin-ning of the science of electronic ampli-fication. Talking pictures were not contem-plated by the engineers initiating thesefundamental studies of sound. How-ever, they believed it imperative toobtain recordings of higher qualitythan those available by the commer-cial processes of the contemporaryphonograph industry. They decided,therefore, to experiment with the re-cording of sound upon film (an oldbut non-commercial laboratory art)while simultaneously seeking to im- 1946 Twenty Years of Talking Movies 87 Harold D. development ofdeForests audion intothe high-vacuum tubemet the Bell Systemspressing need for apracticable repeaterfor its long distancecircuits. prove the wax disc method of record-ing- The broad scientific attack pro-jected by this program contained agreat variety of complex the fashion of a modern militaryinvasion, the generals and their subor-dinates had to divide and sub-dividetheir respective responsibilities. While Arnold attacked the audion,other Western Electric engineers,using an improved microphone and aDuddell Oscillograph, recorded soundupon film in the winter of first recordings were of thevariable area type. Early in 1913, H. A. Frederickbegan work upon instruments fortransmission of music, and soon there-after the engineers Crandall andKranz began construction of anelectro-magnetic phonograph repro-ducer. Experiments were continued with both film and disc. Most of theseengineers pursued uncharted path-ways. Their original notebooks, stillpreserved, reveal the minutely de-tailed and frequently dramatic resultsof this research. Improving the Microphone Meanw
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