. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 436 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. Oxi/glossus it is rounded, as in Toads and some Hylida;, e. g. Elosia ; but here the whole margin adheres: the rarest form, in anourous Batrachians, is that of Rhinophrynus, in which the fore part of the tongue is free.' In Serpents the tongue takes no other share in the prehension of food than by the degree in which it may assist in the act of drinking; it is very long, slender, cylindrical, protractile, consisting of a pair of muscular cylinders, in close connection along the basal two third
. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 436 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. Oxi/glossus it is rounded, as in Toads and some Hylida;, e. g. Elosia ; but here the whole margin adheres: the rarest form, in anourous Batrachians, is that of Rhinophrynus, in which the fore part of the tongue is free.' In Serpents the tongue takes no other share in the prehension of food than by the degree in which it may assist in the act of drinking; it is very long, slender, cylindrical, protractile, consisting of a pair of muscular cylinders, in close connection along the basal two thirds, but liberated from each other, and tapering each to a point at the anterior third : these are in constant vibration when the tongue is protruded, and are in great part withdrawn, with the undivided body of the tongue, into a sheath when the organ is retracted. This act is performed by the ' glossohyoidei,' fig. 147, A ; protrusion is effected by the genio- hyoidei, ib. z, z'. The orifice of the sheath is strengthened by a pair of cartilaginous plates, on which other muscles act.^ The ununited symphysis of the mandible leaves a passage for the tongue without the need of ' opening' the mouth: and the acts of protrusion and retraction are usually seen to be frequently repeated. The Amphishanidai and Anguida have short, thick, hardly protractile, and sub-bifurcate tongues. The arboreal Chameleons, clinging on all fours to their tree branch, depend wholly on their singularly extensile tongue for the prehension of their volatile insect food. The movements of this organ are as instantaneous as in the Toad and Frog, and 296. ToTiguo of tlio C'liamclcon pnrtially extended, ccl. are due to combined muscular and elastic forces, actino- within the tongue and upon its supporting bones, with concomitant modifications of the hyoid arch. The glosso-hyal is produced into a long and cylindrical, fibro-cartilaginous style; it penetrates a fibrous sheath in the substance of the tongue, which, w
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