The encyclopædia britannica; a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information . FallowingA. de Lapparcnt, the Oligocene is here regarded as divisibleinto two stages, an upper one, the Etampian (from fitampes),equivalent to the Rupelian of A Dumont (1849), and a lowerone, the Sannoisian (from Sannois near Paris), equivalent tothe Tongrian (from Tongris in Limburg) of Dumont (1859).This lower division is the Ligurian of some authors, and corre-sponds with the Lattorfian (Latdorf) of K. Mayer in northGermany; it is in part the equivalent of the older term Ludianof de Lapparent.

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The encyclopædia britannica; a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information . FallowingA. de Lapparcnt, the Oligocene is here regarded as divisibleinto two stages, an upper one, the Etampian (from fitampes),equivalent to the Rupelian of A Dumont (1849), and a lowerone, the Sannoisian (from Sannois near Paris), equivalent tothe Tongrian (from Tongris in Limburg) of Dumont (1859).This lower division is the Ligurian of some authors, and corre-sponds with the Lattorfian (Latdorf) of K. Mayer in northGermany; it is in part the equivalent of the older term Ludianof de Lapparent. It should be pointed out that several authorsretain the Aquitanian stage (see Miocene) at the top of theOligocene, but there are sufficiently good reasons for removingit to the younger system. The Oligocene deposits are of fresh-water, brackish, marineand terrestrial origin; they include soft sands, sandstones, grits,marls, shales, limestones, conglomerates and lignites. Thegeographical aspect of Europe during this period is indicatedon the accompanying map. Here and there, as in N. Germany,. Map of Europe in the early part of the Oligocene Period

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