. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. sed to observe thefeudal conditions of release, of ward, and of marriage; to the bourgeois, thatno new tax should be levied without the consent of the common council; FEUDALISM. 33 and to all his subjects he accorded the habeas corpus—that is to say, theliberty of the person, with trial by jury, by constituting the court ofcommon pleas at a certain fixed place. A second charter, called the ForestCharter, mitigated the extreme severity of the penalties for infraction of thelaws appertaining to the chase, and
. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. sed to observe thefeudal conditions of release, of ward, and of marriage; to the bourgeois, thatno new tax should be levied without the consent of the common council; FEUDALISM. 33 and to all his subjects he accorded the habeas corpus—that is to say, theliberty of the person, with trial by jury, by constituting the court ofcommon pleas at a certain fixed place. A second charter, called the ForestCharter, mitigated the extreme severity of the penalties for infraction of thelaws appertaining to the chase, and guaranteed the whole of the libertieswhich had been extracted from him by creating a tribunal of twenty-fivebarons, entrusted with the function of seeing that this charter was carriedout, and, further, of keeping watch over the action of the crown. This wassubmitting the Government to a regular course of discipline. Just as thefeudal nobility had been kept under and oppressed by the sovereign power,so was the latter now hedged in, thwarted, and hampered in its Fig. 2(J.—The fortified Bridge of Lamcntano, near Kome, theatre of the wars between theGuelphs and the Ghibcllines, in the Twelfth Century. St. Louis, following in the footsteps of Philip Augustus, laboured tosuppress the abuses of the feudal regime ; he compelled his barons to choosebetween the fiefs which they held from him and those which they hadreceived from the kings of England; he rooted out the old feudal stocks,created a new feudalism, not less valiant but more moral than the old, andnever lost sight of the formidable opposition which the old nobility hadventured to set up against the Queen-Regent, Blanche of Castile, when itdeclared that the young King Louis should not be consecrated until thesuzerain aristocracy was restored to the plenitude of its privileges. AfterLouis IX., French feudalism, transformed by the saint-king, was neitherless haughty, less trivial, nor less insolent than b
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