. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 4. Left tegula of the male of (A) Xi/locopn vaiipuiicta and (B) X. (Platynopodn)* tenuisaipw. Abbreviations: S = scutum, Tg = tegula. Scale = 1 mm. *Regarded as a member of the subgenus Mesotrkiiin herein. metapostnotum is either well developed or completely absent. 1 infer from this pattern that in the Ceratinini the metapostnotum is lost by a reduction in its surface ciiffer- entiation from the propodeum and not by a change in size of
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 4. Left tegula of the male of (A) Xi/locopn vaiipuiicta and (B) X. (Platynopodn)* tenuisaipw. Abbreviations: S = scutum, Tg = tegula. Scale = 1 mm. *Regarded as a member of the subgenus Mesotrkiiin herein. metapostnotum is either well developed or completely absent. 1 infer from this pattern that in the Ceratinini the metapostnotum is lost by a reduction in its surface ciiffer- entiation from the propodeum and not by a change in size of the propodeum or the metapostnotum. Therefore, I con- sider the presence of a defined metapostnotum to be the ground-plan condition in the Xylocopini. 25. Female metapostnotum. —(0) Present, including those where it is minute; (1) absent. See discussion in pre- ceding character. 26. Reservoir of the male mesosomal gland.—(0) Ab- sent; (f) two widely separated pouches (Minckley, 1994, Figs. IC, ID, IE, IF, 3A, 3B); (2) single layer of tubules, usually abutting in the middle (Minckley, 1994, Figs. 3C, 3D, 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D); (3) highly convoluted tubules, as in Neoxyhcopn (Minckley, 1994, Fig. 5E, 5F); (4) single medial pouch with one opening (Minckley, 1994, Fig. lA, IB); (5) numerous, highly convoluted tubules, as in Koptortosoma (Minckley, 1994, Fig. 5 A, 5B). The presence of a reservoir is a unique character of most Xylocopini. The reservoir in at least some species is associated with a gland that produces a sex-attractant pheromone, although, in the vast majority of large carpenter bees, the function for this structure has not been examined. There is tremendous variation in such features as the shape of the tubules that make up the gland reservoir and the size of the reservoir (Minckley, 1994), which makes homology assessment difficult for some taxa. In these difficult taxa I have opted to preserve informa- tion and have split the characters into a number of often autapomo
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