. Atlas and epitome of traumatic . Lith. Anst. F. Reiciiliolii Mimchm. FRACTURES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY. 293 nil; but if the lateral aponeuroses are extensively lacer-ated, the separation may be quite wide (Plates 61 and 62). The frequency of indirect fractures was formerly over-estimated ; it is true that the histories do not always fur-nish a reliable basis to determine the frequency of the in-jury. Bahr estimates the number of indirect patellarfractures at about 20^. The force that indirectly produces the fracture is obvi-ously exerted equally on the quadriceps tendon, on the
. Atlas and epitome of traumatic . Lith. Anst. F. Reiciiliolii Mimchm. FRACTURES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY. 293 nil; but if the lateral aponeuroses are extensively lacer-ated, the separation may be quite wide (Plates 61 and 62). The frequency of indirect fractures was formerly over-estimated ; it is true that the histories do not always fur-nish a reliable basis to determine the frequency of the in-jury. Bahr estimates the number of indirect patellarfractures at about 20^. The force that indirectly produces the fracture is obvi-ously exerted equally on the quadriceps tendon, on theligamentum patellae, and even on the tuberosity of thetibia; but fracture of the patella is by far the most com-mon result of such indirect violence. The symptoms are very clear, if, as is usually thecase, the fracture runs transversely across the middle ofthe patella and produces some separation of the the patella is completely inclosed within the capsule ofthe joint, this injury constitutes a pure intra-articularfracture. The extr
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