. Rudimentary treatise on agricultural engineering . ngest of whichare called the balks or bulls, and are placed lengthways inthe frame. The tines are sometimes made like plough coulters, andrake considerably forward. A pair of wheels have also beenfitted to them, and an arrangement made to adjust the depthof the tines; but when thus treated the implement approachesnearly to the grubber and scarifier (which will be founddescribed under their respective heads), and many of theoperations formerly performed by drags are now done in amuch more efficient manner by some descriptions of thelatter imp
. Rudimentary treatise on agricultural engineering . ngest of whichare called the balks or bulls, and are placed lengthways inthe frame. The tines are sometimes made like plough coulters, andrake considerably forward. A pair of wheels have also beenfitted to them, and an arrangement made to adjust the depthof the tines; but when thus treated the implement approachesnearly to the grubber and scarifier (which will be founddescribed under their respective heads), and many of theoperations formerly performed by drags are now done in amuch more efficient manner by some descriptions of thelatter implements. Small harrows are always worked connected together, orin gangs, attached to each other in a variety of ways bylinks, so as to allow them sufficient play to yield to thecurved form of the ridges, and thus perform the work verycompletely. Howards, of Bedford, are celebrated for the manufacture HARROWS AND CULTIVATORS. 59 of harrows of all kinds, more particularly those on theprinciple invented by TV. Armstrong, and shown in fig. 13. Fig. In these harrows the teeth are so arranged that eachcuts a separate track, at equal distances; the draughtis from a centre, so that any irregular pace of the horsesdoes not affect them by drawing them out of their propertrack. The balks are of zig-zag form, which allows of thetines working in lines very close to each other, yetpreventing any inclination to clog. Each harrow is attached to the whippletree by doublehooks, which prevent them, in rough work and turning,from riding upon each other, and also, when working uponthe side of a hill, from inclining towards the lower are furnished with hooks at the hinder part, in order todraw them the contrary way when harrowing-in seed or cropsin the spring; by this means the soil is not rooted up or pene-trated so deep as when drawn forward in the usual manner. The teeth are made with a square shoulder, and securedto the frame by means of screws and nuts; consequently they 60 THE
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