. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1988 Yarmoloy, Bayer, and Geist-. Mule Deer Harassment 427 100 r w c rn o o > ^^ w. H 0) ^ cc o "o GO o o «4- o o 7^ a> o> Q o UJ r LU 0) U. o ^ <D Q. — — Harassed n = 3 Unhorossed n = 2 n =520 observations (25 0ct-2Nov.,1981) 40 observations per time interval. 0500 0700"0900 1100 1300 1500 1700 M900 2100 2300 0100 0300 0500 SUNRISE SUNSET TIME OF DAY Figure I. Daily feeding patterns of harassed and unharassed does for the period 25 October to 2 November 1981 in Suffield Military Reserve, Alberta. mine the statistical significance of obser
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1988 Yarmoloy, Bayer, and Geist-. Mule Deer Harassment 427 100 r w c rn o o > ^^ w. H 0) ^ cc o "o GO o o «4- o o 7^ a> o> Q o UJ r LU 0) U. o ^ <D Q. — — Harassed n = 3 Unhorossed n = 2 n =520 observations (25 0ct-2Nov.,1981) 40 observations per time interval. 0500 0700"0900 1100 1300 1500 1700 M900 2100 2300 0100 0300 0500 SUNRISE SUNSET TIME OF DAY Figure I. Daily feeding patterns of harassed and unharassed does for the period 25 October to 2 November 1981 in Suffield Military Reserve, Alberta. mine the statistical significance of observed differences in the reproduction of the experimental deer, we employed an empirical probability distribution developed using data on how many unmarked does were observed with zero, one, two or three young. Results Daily feeding patterns (Figure 1) of three harassed and two unharassed does between 25 October and 2 November 1981 are based on 520 observations. The harassed does spent more time active during darkness than did unharassed does ( X ^ = , 6 df, P < ). The harassed does spent mornings and evenings, the times of day when the deer were normally harassed, in hiding. The use of cover by harassed deer increased noticeably. From 1 to 30 September 1981, 220 observations were made of all collared deer; from 25 October to 28 November, 168 observations were made of harassed deer, and 112 observations were made of unharassed deer. The corresponding percentages of these deer found in cover were 12, 33, and 10, respectively, and harassed deer made more use of cover than unharassed deer (Z = , P ). Pre-trial harassed deer made less use of cover than post-trial harassed deer (Z = , P < ). From 15 to 30 June, collared deer fled in 16 of 39 cases when the ATV approached within 250 m. Between 5 and 25 September collared deer fled in only 5 of 47 cases (Z = , P < ). After the harassment trials, the collared deer fled in 62 of 77 instanc
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