. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. all liberty of the press/ and making several reac-tionary changes in the fundamental laws on the strength ofthe kings unsupported fiat. If Charles were to have his way, the last semblance ofconstitutional rule hadvanished from France —and with it about thelast strictly political gainfrom the great Revolu-tion. Paris was already an-gry. Now her wrathboiled over. A small bandof Republicans, faithfulheirs of the old Jacobins,were the leading spirits,but they found hosts ofless radical helpers. Itwas speedily discoveredhow barricade


. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. all liberty of the press/ and making several reac-tionary changes in the fundamental laws on the strength ofthe kings unsupported fiat. If Charles were to have his way, the last semblance ofconstitutional rule hadvanished from France —and with it about thelast strictly political gainfrom the great Revolu-tion. Paris was already an-gry. Now her wrathboiled over. A small bandof Republicans, faithfulheirs of the old Jacobins,were the leading spirits,but they found hosts ofless radical helpers. Itwas speedily discoveredhow barricades of pav-ing-stones and over-turned carts could read-ily block the crookedstreets of the old city;and how behind thesebarricades a few resolutemen could defy a regi-ment. Charles orderedthe regular soldiery to clear the streets (July 27). The troopswere ill led and none too zealous. Their first repulse led tothe spread of the revolt. By July 29, Paris was in the hands 1 The French newspapers had been allowed more liberty than in most otherEuropean A BARRICADE IN PARIS, 1830Built of paving-stones, it completely blocks thenarrow street. The barricades of 1848 were oftenmuch more elaborate. (From a painting by HoraceVemet, in the Musee Camavalet, Paris) THE REACTION IN EUROPE 461 of a Provisional Government, and after a vain attempt tocompromise, the futile old king was obliged to abdicate and toflee the The July Revolution had undone a greatpart of the work of Metternich. France at least was lost to legitimacy. A strong fraction of the insurgents desired a republic, butthey were really in the minority. The crown was given toLouis Philippe, a royal prince, the son of a Duke of Orleans,who had supported the popular cause in the old professed ultra-liberal views and promised a genuinely con-stitutional government. France, however, was soon to findhis professions very different from his performance. 269. The situation in Germany. In 1813, at the exp


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