. A history of the vegetable kingdom; embracing the physiology of plants, with their uses to man and the lower animals, and their application in the arts, manufactures, and domestic economy. Illus. by several hundred figures. Botany; Botany, Economic; 1855. 102 HISTORY OP THE VEGETABLE fl, the episperm; b, ^ the embryo, consisting. named erect, as in all the synantJierece. On the contrary, it is said to be reversed when it is at- tached in the same manner to the summit of the cell of the pericarp; as in the dipsacem. In these two cases, the trophospemi occupies the base or the summit
. A history of the vegetable kingdom; embracing the physiology of plants, with their uses to man and the lower animals, and their application in the arts, manufactures, and domestic economy. Illus. by several hundred figures. Botany; Botany, Economic; 1855. 102 HISTORY OP THE VEGETABLE fl, the episperm; b, ^ the embryo, consisting. named erect, as in all the synantJierece. On the contrary, it is said to be reversed when it is at- tached in the same manner to the summit of the cell of the pericarp; as in the dipsacem. In these two cases, the trophospemi occupies the base or the summit of the cell. The episperm, skin or pro- ''''. per integument of the seed, is almost always single. Sometimes, however, when it is pretty thick, and slight- ly fleshy in its interior, its inner wall becomes detached and separates, so that it seems to be composed of two coats, an outer, thicker, sometimes hard and solid one, to which Goertner has given the name of testa, and an inner one of less thickness, which is named wiien devoiopod, of the teamen. This disposition "« radicle; d ti>e gem- â¢^ . â *â mule; £ e, the cotyle- is very distmctly seen m the d.)ns or lobes, seed of ricinus communis; but these two mem- branes are not more distinct from each other than the three parts which compose the peri- carp. The hilum is always situated upon the epi- sperm. It varies in its appearance and extent. Sometimes it has the form of a hardly percep- tible dot. At other times, it is very large, as in the horse-chestnut, in which its whitish colour renders it easily distinguishable from the rest of the episperm, which is dark-brown. Towards the central part of the hilum, some- times on one of its sides, there is observed a very small aperture, through which the nutritious vessels pass from the trophosperm into the tissue of the episperm. When the bundle of vessels is continued some time before it ramifies, it forms a prominent line, to which the name raphe has been given
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